Book of reagents

Book of reagents

This book lists all plausible reagents used in pharmaceutical, chemical, analytical research and academic institute. It shall be an asset to the wide range of learners ranging from students to professionals.

1) Alcohol (50%): 1:1 Water and Ethanol

2) Bromine water (10% α500 mL): 15 mL liquid bromine in 125 mL water containing 50 gm KBr, shake well and dilute to 500 mL.

3) Bromine in chloroform: 2mL bromine in 100 mL of chloroform.

4) Calcium chloride (10%): 10 gm if CaCl₂.6H₂O or 5 gm anhydrous CaCl₂ in 100 mL of water.

5) Fehling solution A: 7 gm CuSO₄.5H₂O in 100 mL water containing few drops of dil. H₂SO₄  Fehling solution B:  35 gm of sodium potassium tartrate (Rochelle salt) and 12 gm of NaOH in 100 mL of water

6) Ferric chloride solution: 1 gm Fecl₃ in 100 mL distilled water.

7)Ferric chloride (10%): 10 gms of FeCl₃.6H₂O in 100 mL of water.         

8)Ferrous sulphate (10%): 10 gms of FeSO₄.7H₂O in water and 10 mL of dil H₂SO₄, dilute with 100 mL of water

9)Hydroxylamine HCl (5%): 5 gm of Hydroxylamine HCl in 100 mL of Ethanol.

10)Iodine solution (for Iodoform reaction): Mix 20 gm of potassium iodide and 10 gm of iodine and dissolve in water and make volume up to100 mL

11)α Naphthol in alcohol (10%): 10 gm of α Naphthol in 75 mL of rectified spirit which is diluted to 100 mL with water

12)β Naphthol in NaOH (10%): 10 gm of β naphthol in 100 mL of 10% NaOH solution.

13)Phenyl hydrazine reagent: 25 mL of Phenyl hydrazine is dissolved in 25 mL of glacial acetic acid and 75 mL of water OR warm 100 mL water containing 40 mg of sodium acetate and 5 drops of glacial acetic acid. Dissolve 25 gm of Phenyl hydrazine HCl. Filter to remove insoluble impurities. 

14)Picric acid in alcohol: 5 gm of picric acid in 100 mL alcohol

15)Picric acid in acetic acid:  5 gm of picric acid in 100 mL acetic acid

16)Picric acid in Chloroform:  5 gm of picric acid in 100 mL Chloroform                                                                      

17)Picric acid in benzene:  5 gm of picric acid in 100 mL benzene

18)Potassium hydroxide (10% alcoholic): 10% of Potassium hydroxide is dissolved in 100 mL of 50% alcohol

19)Potassium permanganate (1%): 1 gm of KMnO₄ in 100 mL of water   

18)Potassium permanganate saturated (6%): 6 gm of KMnO₄ in 100 mL of water

19)Schiff’s reagent: Dissolve 200 mg of Rosaniline HCl in 100 mL water and this solution is saturated with SO₂ gas/ Sod. bisulfate till colour just vanishes due to formation of colourless addition compound between dye and H₂SO₄

20) Silver nitrate (1%): 5 gm of AgNO₃ is dissolved in100 mL of distilled water     

21)Sodium nitrate (10%):  10 gm of Sod. Nitrate  is dissolved in100 mL of water

22)Sodium bicarbonate (10%): 10 gm of Sodium bicarbonate is dissolved in100 mL of water

23)Sodium carbonate (10%): 10 gm of Sodium carbonate is dissolved in100 mL of water 

24)Sodium hydroxide (10%): 10 gm of Sodium hydroxide is dissolved in100 mL of water

25)Sodium nitroprusside (10%): 0.5 gm of Sodium nitroprusside is dissolved in100 mL of water

26)Benedict’s solution: Dissolve 50 gm of crystalline Na₂CO₃ and 50 gm of crystalline sodium citrate in 200 mL water.  Separately dissolve 4.5 gm of CuSO₄ in 25 mL water, mix these two solutions make up volume to 250 mL with water.                                           

27)Brominating mixture: Dissolve 5.57 gm of potassium bromate and 75 gm of potassium bromide in water, make up volume to 1 litre.

28)Chlorine water: Add HCl to MnO₂/KMnO₄ on heating this gives Cl₂ water./ Pass chlorine gas in cold water till saturated solution is obtained.

29)2,4-Dinitrophenyl hydrazine (2,4-DNP): 2 gm of  2,4-Dinitrophenyl hydrazine in 10 mL of Conc H₂SO₄. Diluted with 200 mL rectified spirit. allow the mixture to stand and then filter it.

30)Phenolphthalein solution: 1 gm of phenolphthalein in 100 mL of rectified spirit, add 100 mL water, filter is necessary.

31)Nessler reagent: Add 10% KI solution drop wise to 5% HgCl₂ solution till the ppt formed just dissolves. To this add equal volume of 5% KOH solution.

32) Starch solution: Make paste of 1 gm starch (soluble) in cold water, to this add100 mL of boiling water and boil this mixture to obtain clear solution. (Freshly prepared solution gives better results)           

33)Tollen’s reagent: 2 mL of AgNO₃ solution, add 1-2 drops of NaOH. Add NH₄OH solution drop by drop till it becomes clear. (Freshly prepared solution gives better results)                                                                                        

34)Starch iodide paper: Mix 1 gm of soluble starch and 5 mg of KI with small water to form paste, to this add500 mL of boiling water to get solution, dip strips of filter paper in it for 30 mins remove from solution and dry paper strips.

35)Litmus paper blue: Dissolve 1 gm of blue litmus in about 500 mL of boiling water, dip strips of filter paper in it for 30 mins remove from solution and dry paper strips.        

36) Litmus paper red:  Dissolve 1 gm of blue litmus in very dil HCl solution, dip strips of filter paper in it for 10-15 mins remove from solution and dry paper strips.

37)Congo red paper: Dissolve 2 gm of Congo red in about 500 mL of ethyl alcohol, dip strips of filter paper in it for 30-40 mins remove from solution and dry paper strips.

38)Fluorescein test paper: Dip filter paper strips in dil. Ethanolic solution of Fluorescein it posses lemon yellow colur.

39)Isothiorium chloride: Reflux a mixture of 2 gm of benzyl chloride and 1.2 gm of thiourea in 30 mL of Methanol for half an hr, cool the flask in ice bath. Resulting solid was filtered. Solid  product was washed with small amount of ethyl acetate and dried.                   

40)Ceric ammonium nitrate solution: 20 gm of Ceric ammonium nitrate in 500 mL of warm 2N HNO₃

40)Lucas reagent: Dissolve 136 gm of anhydrous ZnCl₂ in 89 mL of Conc.  HCl

41)Ammonium vanadate reagent: 30 gm of   Ammonium vanadate in 100 mL of water

42)8-Hydroxy quinolone: 2.5 gm of 8-Hydroxy quinolone in 100 mL 6% acetic acid

43)Quinhydrone reagent solution: 500 mg of p-benzoquinone in 10 mL water, to this add solution of 500 mg of hydroquinone in 10-15 mL of water to form greenish black crystals of quinhydrone

44)Molisch reagent: 1 gm of alfa napthol in 100 mL of 95% ethanol.           

45)Methyl orange indicator: 1 gm of methyl orange in 100 mL of water

46)Dichromate solution: 10 gm sodium dichromate in a mixture of 75 mL of water and 25 mL of Conc.H₂SO₄   

47)Sodium hydroxide solution (Aqueous): 10 gm of NaOH pellets in 100 mL water

48)Sodium hydroxide solution (Alcoholic): 10 gm of NaOH pellets in 100 mL alcohol